Bob Gillis inspects a rock protruding from near the Iditarod trail near its halfway point in southwest Alaska. (Courtesy Photo | Ned Rozell)

Bob Gillis inspects a rock protruding from near the Iditarod trail near its halfway point in southwest Alaska. (Courtesy Photo | Ned Rozell)

Here’s where Alaska’s oldest rock was found

It’s 2 billion years old.

IDITAROD — While gliding along a trail that had just felt the imprint of 2,000 dog feet, Bob Gillis skied over to a rock that jutted from the snow.

A few miles northwest of the ghost town that gives the world’s most famous sleddog race its name, Gillis and I were in the neighborhood of the oldest rocks in Alaska. Could this be one of them?

A geologist with the Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys, Gillis poked the rock with his ski poles.

“Looks like a volcanic rock to me,” he said.

Even though the rock had hardened to its present form tens of millions of years ago, its age was probably not even close to some unusual rocks discovered near Iditarod.

[Sandy memories of ancient storms]

On a journey from McGrath to Shageluk following the path Iditarod racers had laid down, Gillis and I skied onward toward the next shelter cabin. Unknown to us, a few hours earlier we had slid over the oldest rocks in Alaska, which were coated with snow and a ribbon of packed trail.

Geologist Tom Bundtzen uses a binocular microscope to look at one of the oldest rocks in Alaska, which formed more than 2 billion years ago and was found near Iditarod. (Courtesy Photo | Cheryl Bradley)

Geologist Tom Bundtzen uses a binocular microscope to look at one of the oldest rocks in Alaska, which formed more than 2 billion years ago and was found near Iditarod. (Courtesy Photo | Cheryl Bradley)

A few decades ago, geologists Marti Miller and Tom Bundtzen found those primeval rocks by chance. In August 1983, Bundtzen, who then worked for the state and Miller, a research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey, were starting a collaborative program mapping the rock formations of the Iditarod quadrangle in southwest Alaska.

Then, as now (as always), Iditarod was hard to reach. Miller and Bundtzen, who now owns a consulting company in Fairbanks, chartered a helicopter to get there. Flying over the wild country of spruce and swamp, they spotted a rocky knoll that looked like a good landing pad.

Soon after they touched down, both geologists noticed the rocks at their feet seemed out of place.

[Alaska Native wins Iditarod sled dog race]

“We were so confused at these high-ranked metamorphic rocks in this part of Alaska,” Bundtzen said recently.

Geologist Marti Miller with a 2 billion-year-old rock she collected near Iditarod. (Courtesy Photo | Adrian Bender)

Geologist Marti Miller with a 2 billion-year-old rock she collected near Iditarod. (Courtesy Photo | Adrian Bender)

The rocks had been buried deep underground some time in their past; intense heat and pressure had transformed them from their original state. Earthquakes and plate movements over the millennia had shoved them to the surface.

The rocks resembled a type found around Fairbanks, but both geologists sensed they were different. They dropped a few samples in a collection bag.

When they returned — Miller to Anchorage and Bundtzen to Fairbanks — they sent a few samples to Don Turner, who then led UAF’s geochronology lab.

In that lab, now managed by Jeff Benowitz, researchers tell the age of rocks by chipping off a tiny crystal and heating it with a laser beam. The rock melts into a glass bead about the size of a sand grain. Argon gas wafts from the sample. Scientists direct this gas into a mass spectrometer, which tells them when a rock formed or when forces within the earth reheated it.

[The Riley Creek pack’s sole survivor]

The Iditarod rocks are more than 2 billion years old. This is remarkable because most rocks in Alaska formed 500 million years ago or even more recently. Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Two billion years ago is about when multicellular organisms first started oozing around on the planet.

“I was very surprised to see how old those rocks were,” Bundtzen said.

In their explorations of the Iditarod area, Miller and Bundtzen mapped the same type of super-old rocks in a 25-mile curve of outcrops that poke from the boreal forest.

“They are, along with the Kilbuck Terrane (150 miles to the southwest), the oldest rocks in Alaska,” Bundtzen said.

Both rock clusters are islands of old rocks in a sea of much younger ones. Why?

The old rocks probably belonged to a craton — rocks that formed the core of a continent. The nearest one to Iditarod is the Canadian shield, home to Earth’s oldest rock (more than 4 billion years old) and found in Canada’s plains and Nunavut. The rocks might have broken away from Canada and lurched to Alaska on the movement of faults and Earth’s plates.

More likely, the geologists think, the rocks originated in Siberia, in an area with similar rock about 600 miles northeast of Magadan.

“They are sort of floating out there,” Bundtzen said of the Iditarod rocks. “It’s a peculiar problem. Where did they come from?”


• Since the late 1970s, the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell (ned.rozell@alaska.edu) is a science writer for the Geophysical Institute.


More in News

(Juneau Empire file photo)
Aurora forecast through the week of Nov. 17

These forecasts are courtesy of the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute… Continue reading

Juneau Police Department cars are parked outside the downtown branch station on Thursday. (Mark Sabbatini / Juneau Empire)
JPD’s daily incident reports getting thinner and vaguer. Why and does it matter?

Average of 5.12 daily incidents in October down from 10.74 a decade ago; details also far fewer.

(Michael Penn / Juneau Empire file photo)
Police calls for Monday, Nov. 18, 2024

This report contains public information from law enforcement and public safety agencies.

The Douglas Island Breeze In on Wednesday. (Mark Sabbatini / Juneau Empire)
New owner seeks to transfer Douglas Island Breeze In’s retail alcohol license to Foodland IGA

Transfer would allow company to take over space next to supermarket occupied by Kenny’s Liquor Market.

A butter clam. Butter clams are found from the Aleutian Islands to the California coast. They are known to retain algal toxins longer than other species of shellfish. (Photo provided by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife)
Among butter clams, which pose toxin dangers to Alaska harvesters, size matters, study indicates

Higher concentrations found in bigger specimens, UAS researchers find of clams on beaches near Juneau.

An aerial view of people standing near destroyed and damaged buildings in the aftermath of Hurricane Helene flooding on Oct. 8, 2024 in Bat Cave, North Carolina. (Mario Tama/Getty Images)
Members of U.S. Senate back disaster aid request amid increasing storm severity

WASHINGTON — The Biden administration’s request for nearly $100 billion in natural… Continue reading

Media members and other observers gather at the Alaska Division of Elections office on Wednesday evening as the results of all ballots, including ranked choice tabulations, were announced. (Mark Sabbatini / Juneau Empire)
Ranked choice voting repeal fails by 0.2%, Begich defeats Peltola 51.3%-48.7% on final day of counting

Tally released Wednesday night remains unofficial until Nov. 30 certification.

Looking through the dining room and reception area to the front door. The table will be covered with holiday treats during the afternoon open house. The Stickley slide table, when several extensions are added, provides comfortable seating for 22 dinner guests. (Laurie Craig / Juneau Empire)
The Governor’s House: Welcoming Alaskans for more than 100 years

Mansion has seen many updates to please occupants, but piano bought with first funds still playable.

The language of Ballot Measure 2 appears on Alaska’s 2024 absentee ballots. The measure would repeal the states open primary and ranked choice voting system. (Andrew Kitchenman/Alaska Beacon)
Count tightens to 45-vote margin for repealing Alaska’s ranked choice system going into final day

State Division of Elections scheduled to conduct final tally at 5 p.m. Wednesday.

Most Read