Stan Boutin has climbed more than 5,000 spruce trees in the last 30 years.

He has often returned to the forest floor knowing if a ball of twigs and moss within the tree contained newborn red squirrel pups.

Over the years, those squirrels have taught Boutin and his colleagues many things, including an apparent ability to predict the future.

Boutin, of the University of Alberta in Edmonton, was in Fairbanks once to give a lecture on one of the easiest-to-find animals in the boreal forest. The square-jawed biologist is perhaps the world’s foremost expert on red squirrels.

By marking squirrel pups with ear tags over the years, he and his helpers have gotten to know the entire red squirrel population of a square kilometer of boreal forest between Haines Junction and Kluane Lake in the Yukon.

Four red squirrels poke their heads from a boreal owl box in May 2024. (Photo by Ned Rozell)

Here are some insights from three decades of observations of more than 10,000 red squirrels:

Though one squirrel on Boutin’s plot lived to be nine years old, few live past four. Most don’t survive their first year.

Squirrels spend their entire lives in a small patch of forest surrounding a midden, a pile of spruce cones with tunnels and chambers throughout.

When squirrels rattle off their call, they are signaling their possession of a small territory centered on a midden.

Squirrels are loners except for the day a female is in estrus during the breeding season. On all other days, it’s one squirrel to a territory.

“It’s a hell of a battle going on out there,” Boutin said. “If you’re on that spot, you have it until you die, or leave.”

Mother squirrels sometimes bequeath their territory to a pup and move one or two territories over where there is a vacancy.

Sibling squirrels sometimes share nests on cold nights, then go back to their own territories when temperatures warm.

Squirrels eat a lot of things — including nestling songbirds and snowshoe hare babies — but the largest part of their diet by far is white spruce seeds.

White spruce trees produce great pulses of cones every two to six years. Other years, trees grow no cones. Boutin figures the trees create so many cones suddenly to “swamp” predators like the red squirrel, ensuring that some seeds remain to germinate into trees.

Canadian scientists have discovered intriguing behavior characteristics of the red squirrel. (Photo by T. Karels)

These “mast years” of high cone production should give spruce trees the element of surprise. Squirrels should react with a delay, having many babies the year after many cones pop up. But female squirrels seem to be outsmarting the trees.

“All hell breaks loose in a mast year,” Boutin said. “Reproduction absolutely explodes.”

In a normal year, squirrels have one litter of pups and don’t try again. When spruce cones are abundant, females will have two litters and sometimes breed until the end of summer, even though new cones don’t mature until September.

“These buggers are cranking out reproduction when it’s ahead of masting reproduction,” Boutin said.

How can female squirrels predict a good food supply before it exists? Boutin is not sure. Spruce trees produce buds in May that squirrels eat. Perhaps there is some chemical signal within the buds that triggers what Boutin calls “adaptive anticipation” within the orange lords of the boreal forest.

• Since the late 1970s, the University of Alaska Fairbanks’ Geophysical Institute has provided this column free in cooperation with the UAF research community. Ned Rozell ned.rozell@alaska.edu is a science writer for the Geophysical Institute. A version of this story appeared in 2017.